内容简介:
This book describes visual perception and control methods for robotic systems that need to interact with the environment. Multiple view geometry is utilized to extract low-dimensional geometric information from abundant and high-dimensional image information, making it convenient to develop general solutions for robot perception and control tasks. In this book, multiple view geometry is used for geometric modeling and scaled pose estimation. Then Lyapunov methods are applied to design stabilizing control laws in the presence of model uncertainties and multiple constraints.
英文目录:
Preface
Authors
PART I: FOUNDATIONS
1 Robotics
1.1 Pose Representation
1.1.1 Position and Translation
1.1.2 Orientation and Rotation
1.1.3 Homogeneous Pose Transformation
1.2 Motion Representation
1.2.1 Path and Trajectory
1.2.2 Pose Kinematics
1.3 Wheeled Mobile Robot Kinematics
1.3.1 Wheel Kinematic Constraints
1.3.2 Mobile Robot Kinematic Modeling
1.3.3 Typical Nonholonomic Mobile Robot
2 Multiple-View Geometry
2.1 Projective Geometry
2.1.1 Homogeneous Representation of Points and Lines
2.1.2 Projective Transformation
2.2 Single-View Geometry
2.2.1 Pinhole Camera Model
2.2.2 Camera Lens Distortion
2.3 Two-View Geometry
2.3.1 Homography for Planar Scenes
2.3.2 Epipolar Geometry for Nonplanar Scenes
2.3.3 General Scenes
2.4 Three-View Geometry
2.4.1 General Trifocal Tensor Model
2.4.2 Pose Estimation with Planar Constraint
2.5 Computation of Multiple-View Geometry
2.5.1 Calibration of Single-View Geometry
2.5.2 Computation of Two-View Geometry
2.5.2.1 Computation of Homography
2.5.2.2 Computation of Epipolar Geometry
2.5.3 Computation of Three-View Geometry
2.5.3.1 Direct Linear Transform
2.5.3.2 Matrix Factorization
2.5.4 Robust Approaches
3 Vision-Based Robotic Systems
3.1 System Overview
3.1.1 System Architecture
3.1.2 Physical Configurations
3.2 Research Essential
PART II: VISUAL PERCEPTION OF ROBOTICS
4 Introduction to Visual Perception
4.1 Road Reconstruction and Detection for Mobile Robots
4.1.1 Previous Works
4.1.2 A Typical Vehicle Vision System
4.1.2.1 System Configuration
4.1.2.2 Two-View Geometry Model
4.1.2.3 Image Warping Model
4.1.2.4 Vehicle-Road Geometric Model
4.1.2.5 More General Configurations
4.2 Motion Estimation of Moving Objects
4.3 Scaled Pose Estimation of Mobile Robots
4.3.1 Pose Reconstruction Based on Multiple-View Geometry
4.3.2 Dealing with Field of View Constraintsm
4.3.2.1 Key Frame Selection
4.3.2.2 Pose Estimation
4.3.3 Dealing with Measuring Uncertainties
4.3.3.1 Robust Image Feature Extraction
4.3.3.2 Robust Observers
4.3.3.3 Robust Controllers
4.3.3.4 Redundant Degrees of Freedom
5 Road Scene 3D Reconstruction
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Algorithm Process
5.3 3D Reconstruction
5.3.1 Image Model
5.3.2 Parameterization of Projective Parallax
5.3.3 Objective Function Definition and Linearization
5.3.4 Iterative Maximization
5.3.5 Post Processing
5.4 Road Detection
5.4.1 Road Region Segmentation
5.4.2 Road Region Diffusion
5.5 Experimental Results
5.5.1 Row-Wise Image Registration
5.5.2 Road Reconstruction
5.5.3 Computational Complexity
5.5.4 Evaluation for More Scenarios
6 Recursive Road Detection with Shadows
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Algorithm Process
6.3 Illuminant Invariant Color Space
6.3.1 Imaging Process
6.3.2 Illuminant Invariant Color Space
6.3.3 Practical Issues
6.4 Road Reconstruction Process
6.4.1 Image Fusion
6.4.2 Geometric Reconstruction
6.4.2.1 Geometric Modeling
6.4.3 Road Detection
6.4.4 Recursive Processing
6.5 Experiments
6.5.1 Illuminant Invariant Transform
6.5.2 Road Reconstruction
6.5.3 Comparisons with Previous Method
6.5.4 Other Results
7 Range Identification of Moving Objects
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Geometric Modeling
7.2.1 Geometric Model of Vision Systems
7.2.2 Object Kinematics
7.2.3 Range Kinematic Model
7.3 Motion Estimation
7.3.1 Velocity Identification of the Object
7.3.2 Range Identification of Feature Points
7.4 Simulation Results
7.5 Conclusions
8 Motion Estimation of Moving Objects
8.1 Introduction
8.2 System Modeling
8.2.1 Geometric Model
8.2.2 Camera Motion and State Dynamics
8.3 Motion Estimation
8.3.1 Scaled Velocity Identification
8.3.2 Range Identification
8.4 Simulation Results
8.5 Conclusions
PART III: VISUAL CONTROL OF ROBOTICS
9 Introduction to Visual Control
9.1 Previous Works
9.1.1 Classical Visual Control Approaches
9.1.1.1 Position Based Methods
9.1.1.2 Image Based Methods
9.1.1.3 Multiple-View Geometry Based Method
9.1.2 Main Existing Problems
9.1.2.1 Model Uncertainties
9.1.2.2 Field of View Constraints
9.1.2.3 Nonholonomic Constraints
9.2 Task Descriptions
9.2.1 Autonomous Robot Systems
9.2.2 Semiautonomous Systems
9.3 Typical Visual Control Systems
9.3.1 Visual Control for General Robots
9.3.2 Visual Control for Mobile Robots
10 Visual Tracking Control of General Robotic Systems
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Visual Tracking with Eye-to-Hand Configuration
10.2.1 Geometric Modeling
10.2.1.1 Vision System Model
10.2.1.2 Euclidean Reconstruction
10.2.2 Control Development
10.2.2.1 Control Objective
10.2.2.2 Open-Loop Error System
10.2.2.3 Closed-Loop Error System
10.2.2.4 Stability Analysis
10.3 Visual Tracking with Eye-in-Hand Configuration
10.3.1 Geometric Modeling
10.3.2 Control Development
10.3.2.1 Open-Loop Error System
10.3.2.2 Controller Design
10.4 Simulation Results
10.5 Conclusion
11 Robust Moving Object Tracking Control
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Vision System Model
11.2.1 Camera Geometry
11.2.2 Euclidean Reconstruction
11.3 Control Development
11.3.1 Open-Loop Error System
11.3.2 Control Design
11.3.3 Closed-Loop Error System
11.4 Stability Analysis
11.4.1 Convergence of the Rotational Error
11.4.2 Convergence of the Translational Error
11.5 Simulation Results
11.5.1 Simulation Configuration
11.5.2 Simulation Results and Discussion
11.6 Conclusion
12 Visual Control with Field-of-View Constraints
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Geometric Modeling
12.2.1 Euclidean Homography
12.2.2 Projective Homography
12.2.3 Kinematic Model of Vision System
12.3 Image-Based Path Planning
12.3.1 Pose Space to Image Space Relationship
12.3.2 Desired Image Trajectory Planning
12.3.3 Path Planner Analysis
12.4 Tracking Control Development
12.4.1 Control Development
12.4.2 Controller Analysis
12.5 Simulation Results
12.5.1 Optical Axis Rotation
12.5.2 Optical Axis Translation
12.5.3 Camera y-Axis Rotation
12.5.4 General Camera Motion
12.6 Conclusions
13 Visual Control of Mobile Robots
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Goemetric Reconstruction
13.2.1 Eye-to-Hand Configuration
13.2.2 Eye-in-Hand Configuration
13.2.2.1 Geometric Modeling
13.2.2.2 Euclidean Reconstruction
13.3 Control Development for Eye-to-Hand Configuration
13.3.1 Control Objective
13.3.2 Open-Loop Error System
13.3.3 Closed-Loop Error System
13.3.4 Stability Analysis
13.3.5 Regulation Extension
13.4 Control Development for Eye-in-Hand Configuration
13.4.1 Open-Loop Error System
13.4.2 Closed-Loop Error System
13.4.3 Stability Analysis
13.5 Simulational and Experimental Verifications
13.5.1 Eye-to-Hand Case
13.5.2 Eye-in-Hand Case
13.5.2.1 Experimental Configuration
13.5.2.2 Experimental Results
13.5.2.3 Results Discussion
13.6 Conclusion
14 Trifocal Tensor Based Visual Control of Mobile Robots
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Geometric Modeling
14.3 Control Development
14.3.1 Error System Development
14.3.2 Controller Design
14.3.3 Stability Analysis
14.4 Simulation Verification
14.4.1 Pose Estimation
14.4.2 Visual Trajectory Tracking and Pose Regulation
14.4.3 Trajectory Tracking with Longer Range
14.5 Conclusion
15 Unified Visual Control of Mobile Robots with Euclidean
Reconstruction
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Control Development
15.2.1 Kinematic Model
15.2.2 Open-Loop Error System
15.2.3 Controller Design
15.2.4 Stability Analysis
15.3 Euclidean Reconstruction
15.4 Simulation Results
15.5 Conclusion
PART IV: APPENDICES 287
Appendix A: Chapter
A.1 Proof of Theorem 7.1
Appendix B: Chapter 10
B.1
B.2
B.3
Appendix C: Chapter 11
C.1
C.2 Proof of Property 11.1
C.3 Proof of Lemma 11.1
C.4 Proof of Property 11.2
Appendix D: Chapter 12
D.1 Open-Loop Dynamics
D.2 Image Jacobian-Like Matrix
D.3 Image Space Navigation Function
Appendix E: Chapter 13
Appendix F: Chapter 14
F.1
F.2 Proof of
for
and
F.3 Proof of 
F.4 Proof of 
in the Closed-Loop System (14.19)
References
Index